Standard castle doctrine states that a person in his or her own home does not have a duty to retreat prior to using force, including deadly force, in self-defense. By reducing the threshold for the justified use of lethal force for self-protection, stand-your-ground laws should increase defensive gun use and, if a deterrent effect exists, may reduce rates of crime and violence. 11.81.335; Ariz. Rev. Code Ann. National Institute of Mental Health, NIMH Awards Funding for Research on Preventing Firearm Injury and Mortality, webpage, October 23, 2020. Let's look at the pros and cons. 4 Duty to retreat: Legal principle that requires a person to flee or back away from a threatening situation when they can safely do so rather than attempt self-defense by deadly force. New York. A., D. M. Kennedy, E. J. Waring, and A. M. Piehl, Problem-Oriented Policing, Deterrence, and Youth Violence: An Evaluation of Bostons Operation Ceasefire,, Braga, Anthony A., Andrew V. Papachristos, and David M. Hureau, The Effects of Hot Spots Policing on Crime: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,, Braga, A. [3] Eight states have expanded castle doctrine to motor vehicles or the workplace,[4] and we include these in our discussion here. Jordan Davis, an African-American teen killed in Florida, encountered a similar problem over the volume of his music. 200.120; Tex. As of July 6, 2019: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Underlying Cause of Death, 19992020, WONDER data system, undated-b. Stat. Bose, Jonaki, Sarra L. Hedden, Rachel N. Lipari, and Eunice Park-Lee. Slutkin, G., C. Ransford, and R. B. Decker, Cure Violence: Treating Violence as a Contagious Disease, in M. D. Maltz and S. K. Rice, Small Arms Survey, Annexe 4. As of November 14, 2019: Hedegaard, Holly, Sally C. Curtin, and Margaret Warner, Suicide Mortality in the United States, 19992017, National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief, No. The pros are: Pro 1 - Improved loyalty and retention; Pro 2 - Team bonding; Pro 3 - Deepened corporate culture; The cons are: Con 1 - Destination meetings are expensive; Con 2 - Locations change the meeting dynamic; Con 3 - Retreats take people away from family; Con 4 - The challenge of pleasing everyone When a white individual was the victim of homicide under the same circumstances, then 59% faced no penalty. It requires a reasonable belief that harm will occur if actions are not taken. See Ala. Code 13A-3-23(b); Alaska Stat. Ann. Pro: Prior-service Reservists who switch from active duty to reserve duty before reaching enough years to qualify for military retirement can still earn your retirement pay in the reserve branch of your choice. First is the fact the state's law says a person has "no duty to retreat." Second: the state's law provides immunity from criminal prosecution and civil actions, O'Mara said, "which not . Changes in US Mass Shooting Deaths Associated with the 19942004 Federal Assault Weapons Ban: Analysis of Open-Source Data,, Klarevas, Louis, Andrew Conner, and David Hemenway, The Effect of Large-Capacity Magazine Bans on High-Fatality Mass Shootings, 19902017,, Kleck, Gary, Crime Control Through the Private Use of Armed Force,, Kleck, Gary, Degrading Scientific Standards to Get the Defensive Gun Use Estimate Down,. Theres nothing in this statute to protect people who are pursuing and confronting other people, Baxley said. 2 In 1972, the Supreme Court effectively nullified the death penalty and converted the death sentences of hundreds of death row inmates to life in prison. As of June 29, 2017: Andersen, Ronald, Martin R. Frankel, and Judith Kasper, Anderson, D. Mark, and Joseph J. Sabia, Child-Access-Prevention Laws, Youths Gun Carrying, and School Shootings,. 18-4009(1)(b); Neb. A. Braga, G. Ridgeway, and G. L. Pierce, The Criminal Purchase of Firearm Ammunition,, Tondo, Leonardo, Matthew J. Albert, and Ross J. Baldessarini, Suicide Rates in Relation to Health Care Access in the United States: An Ecological Study,, Tritch, Teresa, Keep Handguns Away from Teenagers,, Tyler, T. R., J. Fagan, and A. Geller, Street Stops and Police Legitimacy: Teachable Moments in Young Urban Mens Legal Socialization,, Uggen, C., and S. McElrath, Six Social Sources of the U.S. Crime Drop,, Ukert, Benjamin, Elena Andreyeva, and Charles C. Branas, Time Series Robustness Checks to Test the Effects of the 1996 Australian Firearm Law on Cause-Specific Mortality,. Ivey-Stephenson, Asha Z., Alex E. Crosby, Jennifer M. Hoenig, Shiromani Gyawali, Eunice Park-Lee, and Sarra L. Hedden, Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among Adults Aged 18 YearsUnited States, 20152019,, Jagodi, Helena Koroec, Tatjana Rokavec, Mark Agius, and Peter Pregelj, Availability of Mental Health Service Providers and Suicide Rates in Slovenia: A Nationwide Ecological Study,, Jennissen, Charles A., Kristel M. Wetjen, Cole C. Wymore, Nicholas R. Stange, Gerene M. Denning, Junlin Liao, and Kelly E. Wood, Firearm Exposure and Storage Practices in the Homes of Rural Adolescents,, Joe, S., S. C. Marcus, and M. S. Kaplan, Racial Differences in the Characteristics of Firearm Suicide Decedents in the United States,. You should not pay for a crime if you were protecting yourself or your family. In addition, although most case law can be used only as a criminal defense, many state statutes allow defendants to avoid civil liability as well. Ivey, Kay, Governor, Memorandum: Implementation of the Alabama Sentry Program and the School Safety Training and Compliance Teams, State of Alabama, May 30, 2018. As of October 13, 2017: Wright, Alexandra, Katherine E. Smith, and Mark Hellowell, Policy Lessons from Health Taxes: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies,, Wright, M. A., and G. J. Wintemute, Felonious or Violent Criminal Activity that Prohibits Gun Ownership Among Prior Purchasers of Handguns: Incidence and Risk Factors,, Wright, M. A., G. J. Wintemute, and B. E. Claire, People and Guns Involved in Denied and Completed Handgun Sales,, Wright, M. A., G. J. Wintemute, and B. E. Claire, Gun Suicide by Young People in California: Descriptive Epidemiology and Gun Ownership,, Wright, Mona A., Garen J. Wintemute, and Frederick P. Rivara, Effectiveness of Denial of Handgun Purchase to Persons Believed to Be at High Risk for Firearm Violence,, Wu, Eric Q., Lizheng Shi, Howard Birnbaum, Teresa Hudson, and Ronald Kessler, Annual Prevalence of Diagnosed Schizophrenia in the USA: A Claims Data Analysis Approach,, Xue, Xiaonan, Mimi Y. Kim, Tao Wang, Mark H. Kuniholm, and Howard D. Strickler, A Statistical Method for Studying Correlated Rare Events and Their Risk Factors,, Yablon, Alex, Use of Red Flag Laws Varies Widely Among Local Police,, Yakubovich, Alexa R., Michelle Degli Esposti, Brittany C. L. Lange, G. J. Melendez-Torres, Alpa Parmar, Douglas J. Wiebe, and David K. Humphreys, Effects of Laws Expanding Civilian Rights to Use Deadly Force in Self-Defense on Violence and Crime: A Systematic Review,, Yurk, Robin, Linda Jaramillo, Linda L. Erwin, and Neal J. Rendleman, Educating the Community About Violence Through a Gun Turn-In Program,, Zeoli, April M., Shannon Frattaroli, Kelly Roskam, and Anastasia K. Herrera, Removing Firearms from Those Prohibited from Possession by Domestic Violence Restraining Orders: A Survey and Analysis of State Laws,, Zeoli, April M., Alexander McCourt, Shani Buggs, Shannon Frattaroli, David Lilley, and Daniel W. Webster, Analysis of the Strength of Legal Firearms Restrictions for Perpetrators of Domestic Violence and Their Associations with Intimate Partner Homicide,, Zeoli, April M., and Jennifer K. Paruk, Potential to Prevent Mass Shootings Through Domestic Violence Firearm Restrictions,, Zeoli, April M., Jennifer Paruk, Charles C. Branas, Patrick M. Carter, Rebecca Cunningham, Justin Heinze, and Daniel W. Webster, Use of Extreme Risk Protection Orders to Reduce Gun Violence in Oregon,, Zeoli, A. M., and D. W. Webster, Effects of Domestic Violence Policies, Alcohol Taxes and Police Staffing Levels on Intimate Partner Homicide in Large U.S. Cities,, Zimmerman, Paul R., The Deterrence of Crime Through Private Security Efforts: Theory and Evidence,, Zimring, Franklin E., Firearms and Federal Law: The Gun Control Act of 1968,. People with little close acquaintance with the law are sometimes surprised to learn that there is at common law, and in most statutory jurisdictions in the English-speaking world, no general duty to render aid to individuals who are in trouble. The American Bar Association completed a 12-month study on the effectiveness of stand your ground laws in 2014. As of October 20, 2019: National Conference of State Legislatures, Fiscal Affairs Program. States with "castle doctrine" laws require people to try to retreat before resorting to deadly force unless they're within their own homes. Helps Maintain an Efficient Organizational Model. If there is an intruder in your home, then a stand your ground law allows you to protect your life and that of your family. Lott, John R., Jr., and William M. Landes. Van Dorn, K. L. Johnson, K. J. Grimm, K. S. Douglas, and M. S. Swartz, Community Violence Perpetration and Victimization Among Adults with Mental Illness,, Dezhbakhsh, Hashem, and Paul H. Rubin, Lives Saved or Lives Lost? Even President Obama, who once said that the laws promoted violence, voted to expand the legislation when he was serving as a state senator in Illinois. For instance, passage of recent statutes has been widely discussed in the media, possibly making more people aware that they need not retreat from a violent confrontation. Alpers, Philip, and Michael Picard, AustraliaGun Facts, Figures and the Law, GunPolicy.org, 2020. As of May 15, 2017: Burnham, Kenneth P., and David R. Anderson, Multimodel Inference: Understanding AIC and BIC in Model Selection,, Butkus, Renee, and Arlene Weissman, Internists Attitudes Toward Prevention of Firearm Injury,, Butts, J. Cons Members can accrue 2.5 leave days a month or 30 days a year. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Clearances," webpage, Crime in the United States 2013, 2012. Code 16-11-440(C); S.D. 2. Evidence from Panel Data,, Levine, Phillip B., and Robin McKnight, Firearms and Accidental Deaths: Evidence from the Aftermath of the Sandy Hook School Shooting,, Levitt, Steven D., Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors That Explain the Decline and Six That Do Not,, Lewiecki, E. M., and S. A. Miller, Suicide, Guns, and Public Policy,, Lexington, Why the NRA Keeps Talking About Mental Illness, Rather Than Guns,, Levy, Marc, Wilmer Alvarez, Lauren Vagelakos, Michelle Yore, and Bertha Ben Khallouq, Stand Your Ground: Policy and Trends in Firearm-Related Justifiable Homicide and Homicide in the US,, Li, Guohua, Susan P. Baker, Carla DiScala, Carolyn Fowler, Jean Ling, and Gabor D. Kelen, Factors Associated with the Intent of Firearm-Related Injuries in Pediatric Trauma Patients,, Li, Shanjun, Joshua Linn, and Erich Muehlegger, Gasoline Taxes and Consumer Behavior,, Li, Z., A. As of June 3, 2020: Masters, Kate, Fear of Other People Is Now the Primary Motivation for American Gun Ownership, a Landmark Survey Finds,, Matejkowski, J., J. Fairfax-Columbo, S. W. Cullen, S. C. Marcus, and P. L. Solomon, Exploring the Potential of Stricter Gun Restrictions for People with Serious Mental Illness to Reduce Homicide in the United States,, Matthay, Ellicott C., Jessica Galin, Kara E. Rudolph, Kriszta Farkas, Garen J. Wintemute, and Jennifer Ahern, In-State and Interstate Associations Between Gun Shows and Firearm Deaths and Injuries: A Quasi-Experimental Study,, Mauri, Amanda I., Julia A. Wolfson, Deborah Azrael, and Matthew Miller, Firearm Storage Practices and Risk Perceptions,, Maxson, C. L., K. M. Hennigan, and D. C. Sloane, It's Getting Crazy Out There: Can a Civil Gang Injunction Change a Community?. As of January 27, 2020: Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, Child and Consumer Safety: Safe Storage, webpage, undated-j. Hoke, Janna, GRPD Shares Photos of Nearly 300 Guns Collected at Gun Buyback Event, WGRD 97.9, September 20, 2022. 6. 6 Key Pros of Remote Working. To form, leverage, or properly manage a CRT for estate planning, call California trust attorney Hess-Verdon at (949) 706-7300. Knicely, John, One Washington School District Already Has Staff Armed with Guns, KIRO 7, February 23, 2018. Kwon, Roy, and Joseph F. Cabrera, Income Inequality and Mass Shootings in the United States,, Kwon, Roy, and Joseph F. Cabrera, Social Integration and Mass Shootings in US Counties,, Kwon, Roy, and Joseph F. Cabrera, Socioeconomic Factors and Mass Shootings in the United States,, La Valle, James M., Rebuilding at Gunpoint: A City-Level Re-Estimation of the Brady Law and RTC Laws in the Wake of Hurricane Katrina,, La Valle, James M., Re-Estimating Gun-Policy Effects According to a National Science Academy Report: Were Previous Reports of Failure Premature?, La Valle, James M., Gun Control vs. Self-Protection: A Case Against the Ideological Divide,, La Valle, James M., and Thomas C. Glover, Revisiting Licensed Handgun Carrying: Personal Protection or Interpersonal Liability?, Lang, Matthew, The Impact of Mental Health Insurance Laws on State Suicide Rates,, Langford, Linda, Nancy Isaac, and Stacey Kabat, Homicides Related to Intimate Partner Violence in Massachusetts: Examining Case Ascertainment and Validity of the SHR,, Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jennifer, Top 10 Greatest Hits: Important Findings and Future Directions for Intimate Partner Violence Research,. As of August 17, 2022: U.S. Department of Justice, Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 Fact Sheet, Washington, D.C., October 24, 1994. : Buyback Programs Are a Key Tool for Removing Guns from the Streets,. 1. As of May 9, 2017: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States 2015: Expanded Homicide Data Table 28, webpage, 2016d. 703-304(5)(b)(i); Ida. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 39, Section 232.1, Conduct on Postal Property. Most White Americans Do,, Sarani, Babak, Cheralyn Hendrix, Mary Matecki, Jordan Estroff, Richard L. Amdur, Bryce R. H. Robinson, Geoff Shapiro, Stephen Gondek, Roger Mitchell, and E. Reed Smith, Wounding Patterns Based on Firearm Type in Civilian Public Mass Shootings in the United States,, Saunders, J., P. Hunt, and J. S. Hollywood, Predictions Put into Practice: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of Chicagos Predictive Policing Pilot,, Saunders, J., A. Ober, D. Barnes-Proby, and R. K. Brunson, Police Legitimacy and Disrupting Overt Drug Markets,. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Code Ann. U.S. Department of Justice, Commentary for Extreme Risk Protection Order Model Legislation, Washington, D.C., June 7, 2021. Four of the studies we identified that met our criteria evaluated the effects of stand-your-ground laws on suicide outcomes: Two of these (Humphreys, Gasparrini, and Wiebe, 2017; and Guettabi and Munasib, 2018) estimated the impact of such laws on suicide rates explicitly as placebo tests (i.e., on the theory that stand-your-ground laws should have no effect on suicides). 13-411; Ga. Code Ann. Normally, a citizen has a duty to retreat when confronted with what they perceive to be deadly force. Given the availability of self-defense laws for situations in which safe retreat is not possible, stand-your-ground laws primarily apply when an individual could safely retreat from an attack or when the availability of safe retreat is ambiguous. The mother of Jordan Davis told ThinkProgress in 2015 that she believed the presence of stand your ground laws in Florida empowered an older white man to shoot her son because of his loud music. This defense is possible when people encounter an immediate threat against their life. Wellford, Charles F., John V. Pepper, and Carol V. Petrie, eds., Welsh, B. C., and D. P. Farrington, Public Area CCTV and Crime Prevention: An Updated Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis,, Wiebe, Douglas J., Homicide and Suicide Risks Associated with Firearms in the Home: A National Case-Control Study,. As of December 11, 2020: Wilcox, P., and J. E. Eck, Criminology of the Unpopular: Implications for Policy Aimed at Payday Lending Facilities,. [10] In some states, the list of felonies is quite limited. A. Mueller, C. Riedy, M. D. Dowd, A. Villaveces, J. Prodzinski, J. Nakagawara, J. Howard, N. Thiersch, and R. Harruff, Gun Storage Practices and Risk of Youth Suicide and Unintentional Firearm Injuries,, Grossman, D. C., D. T. Reay, and S. A. Baker, Self-Inflicted and Unintentional Firearm Injuries Among Children and Adolescents,, Grossman, David C., Helen A. Stafford, Thomas D. Koepsell, Ryan Hill, Kyla D. Retzer, and Ward Jones, Improving Firearm Storage in Alaska Native Villages: A Randomized Trial of Household Gun Cabinets,, Grossman, Richard S., and Stephen A. Lee, May Issue Versus Shall Issue: Explaining the Pattern of Concealed-Carry Handgun Laws, 19602001,, Grunwald, B., and A. V. Papachristos, Project Safe Neighborhoods in Chicago: Looking Back a Decade Later,, Gu, Jackie, Deadliest Mass Shootings Are Often Preceded by Violence at Home,, Guettabi, Mouhcine, and Abdul Munasib, Stand Your Ground Laws, Homicides and Gun Deaths,. Evidence from a National Sample of Adolescents,, Webster, D., C. K. Crifasi, and J. S. Vernick, Effects of the Repeal of Missouris Handgun Purchaser Licensing Law on Homicides,, Webster, D. W., L. H. Freed, S. Frattaroli, and M. H. Wilson, How Delinquent Youths Acquire Guns: Initial Versus Most Recent Gun Acquisitions,, Webster, Daniel W., Alexander D. McCourt, Cassandra K. Crifasi, Marisa D. Booty, and Elizabeth A. Stuart, Evidence Concerning the Regulation of Firearms Design, Sale, and Carrying on Fatal Mass Shootings in the United States,, Webster, Daniel W., and Marc Starnes, Reexamining the Association Between Child Access Prevention Gun Laws and Unintentional Shooting Deaths of Children,, Webster, Daniel W., Jon S. Vernick, and Maria T. Bulzacchelli, Effects of State-Level Firearm Seller Accountability Policies on Firearm Trafficking,, Webster, Daniel W., Jon S. Vernick, and Lisa M. Hepburn, Relationship Between Licensing, Registration, and Other Gun Sales Laws and the Source State of Crime Guns,, Webster, Daniel W., Jon S. Vernick, and Lisa M. Hepburn, Effects of Maryland's Law Banning Saturday Night Special Handguns on Homicides,. As of May 9, 2017: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States 2015: Violent Crime, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 2016e. Code 2901.09; Wisc. United States Code, Title 18, Section 923, Licensing. Kelling, G. L., T. Pate, D. Dieckman, and C. E. Brown, Kelly, Timothy, Sara Brandspigel, Evan Polzer, and Marian E. Betz, Firearm Storage Maps: A Pragmatic Approach to Reduce Firearm Suicide During Times of Risk,, Kendall, Todd D., and Robert Tamura, Unmarried Fertility, Crime, and Social Stigma,, Kenne Pagui, Euloge Clovis, Alessandra Salvan, and Nicola Sartori, Improved Estimation in Negative Binomial Regression,, Kennedy, D. M., Pulling Levers: Chronic Offenders, High-Crime Settings, and a Theory of Prevention,, Kennedy, D. M., Whither Streetwork: The Place of Outreach Workers in Community Violence Prevention,, Kennedy, D. M., A. M. Piehl, and A. Rosenfeld, Richard, Gun Buy-Backs: Crime Control or Community Mobilization, in Martha R. Plotkin, ed., Rosenfeld, R., and R. Fornango, The Impact of Police Stops on Precinct Robbery and Burglary Rates in New York City, 20032010,, Rosenfeld, R., R. Fornango, and E. Baumer, Did Ceasefire, Compstat, and Exile Reduce Homicide?, Rosengart, M., P. Cummings, A. Nathens, P. Heagerty, R. Maier, and F. Rivara, An Evaluation of State Firearm Regulations and Homicide and Suicide Death Rates,, Roskam, Kelly, and Vicka Chaplin, The Gun Violence Restraining Order: An Opportunity for Common Ground in the Gun Violence Debate,. The Pinellas County sheriff declined to arrest him because of the stand your ground law. Traditionally, this defense imposes a duty to retreat before using force if safe retreat is available. Laws 22-18-4, 22-18-34, 22-18-35; Tex. See Ia. Kurtzleben, Danielle, Fact Check: Are Gun-Makers Totally Free of Liability for Their Behavior? NPR, October 6, 2015. You are only required to retreat if you can do so safely. In stand-your-ground states, you are legally allowed to use deadly force to defend yourself, regardless of whether the jury concludes that you could have safely avoided the risk of death etc. 5. United States Code, Title 18, Section 930, Possession of Firearms and Dangerous Weapons in Federal Facilities. United States Code, Title 18, Section 926, Rules and Regulations. This level of detail on the circumstances surrounding defensive gun use is not available from most existing data sources. Cantor, D., Substantive Implications of Longitudinal Design Features: The National Crime Survey as a Case Study, in D. Kasprzyk, G. Duncan, G. Kalton, and M. P. Singh, eds., Capellan, Joel Alfredo, and Alexei Anisin, A Distinction Without a Difference? The states that passed shall-issue laws between 1977-2010 saw a 2% increase in their homicide rate, 9% increases in the incidents of aggravated assault, robbery, burglary, rape, and other serious crimes, and increases in burglary and larceny too. Schell, Terry L., Beth Ann Griffin, and Andrew R. Morral. As of May 8, 2017: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Leading Causes of Death Reports, National and Regional, 19992015, WISQARS database, Atlanta, Ga., 2017b. As of May 9, 2017: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States 2015: Expanded Homicide Data Table 15, webpage, 2016c. It's only fitting to consider the pros and cons of this popular decision-making tool: The Pros Rigor. Roth, Jeffrey A., and Christopher S. Koper, Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali, Deborah Azrael, Vivian H. Lyons, Joseph A. Simonetti, and Matthew Miller, Loaded Handgun Carrying Among US Adults, 2015,, Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali, M. Alex Bellenger, Lauren Gibb, Heather Chesnut, Madison Lowry-Schiller, Emma Gause, Miriam J. Haviland, and Frederick P. Rivara, Extreme Risk Protection Orders in Washington: A Statewide Descriptive Study,, Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali, Vivian H. Lyons, Joseph A. Simonetti, Deborah Azrael, and Matthew Miller, Formal Firearm Training Among Adults in the USA: Results of a National Survey,, Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali, Joseph A. Simonetti, and Frederick P. Rivara, Effectiveness of Interventions to Promote Safe Firearm Storage,, Ruback, R. B., J. N. Shaffer, and V. A. Clark, Easy Access to Firearms: Juveniles Risks for Violent Offender and Violent Victimization,, Rubin, Paul H., and Hashem Dezhbakhsh, The Effect of Concealed Handgun Laws on Crime: Beyond the Dummy Variables,, Rubinstein, Dana, Jeffery C. Mays, and Jonah E. Bromwich, How Would the Mayoral Candidates Get Guns off New York Streets?, Ruddell, R., and G. L. Mays, State Background Checks and Firearms Homicides,, Rudolph, K. E., E. A. Stuart, J. S. Vernick, and D. W. Webster, Association Between Connecticuts Permit-to-Purchase Handgun Law and Homicides,, Runyan, Carol W., Amy Becker, Sara Brandspigel, Catherine Barber, Aimee Trudeau, and Douglas Novins, Lethal Means Counseling for Parents of Youth Seeking Emergency Care for Suicidality,, Ruggles, K. V., and S. Rajan, Gun Possession Among American Youth: A Discovery-Based Approach to Understand Gun Violence,, Saadi, Altaf, Kristen R. Choi, Sae Takada, and Fred J. Zimmerman, The Impact of Gun Violence Restraining Order Laws in the U.S. and Firearm Suicide Among Older Adults: A Longitudinal State-Level Analysis, 20122016,, Sabbath, Erika L., Summer Sherburne Hawkins, and Christopher F. Baum, State-Level Changes in Firearm Laws and Workplace Homicide Rates: United States, 2011 to 2017,, Sabri, Bushra, Jacquelyn C. Campbell, and Jill T. Messing, Intimate Partner Homicides in the United States, 20032013: A Comparison of Immigrants and Nonimmigrant Victims,.
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